A-AS Level (CIE) Psychology: Specimen Questions with Answers 249 - 251 of 299

Explanation

Somnambulism- Repeated sleep walking that occurs during non-rapid eye movement sleep and so it is not acting out of a dream. The person is difficult to waken and does not recall the experience

Stuttering- Disturbance in the fluency and time patterning of speech (for example, sound and syllable repetitions or prolongations)

Explanation

Characteristics of Breathing-related disorder are as follows:

• Disturbed sleep

• Daytime fatigue resulting from hypoventilation (labored breathing)

• Sleep apnea (Suspended breathing)

Explanation

Basic principles of Cognitive therapy are as follows

• Arbitrary inferences- Refers to making conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence

• Selective abstraction- Consists of forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event. In this process other information is ignored and the significance of the total context is missed

• Overgeneralization- Process of holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings

• Magnification and minimization- Consists of perceiving a case or situation in a greater or lesser light than it truly deserves

• Personalization-Tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection

• Labeling and mislabeling- Involve portraying one’s identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one’s true identity

• Dichotomous thinking-Involves categorizing experiences in either-or-extremes. With such polarized thinking, events are labeled in black or white terms